Descripción
This dataset contains marine biodiversity records collected during the Costa Humboldt biodiversity baselines initiative – Chaiten–Islas Desertores 2025, conducted between April 6 and April 15, 2025, in the Inner Sea of Chiloé, Northern Chilean Patagonia. The study area includes fjord and coastal systems spanning Reñihué Fjord, the Desertores Archipelago, Palvitad Fjord, Chaitén Bay, and Corcovado Bay. Sampling was conducted across 15 sites grouped into three macrozones representing major geomorphological and oceanographic units: inner fjord systems, island archipelagos, and outer coastal environments.
A multi-method approach was applied to maximize taxonomic coverage, including SCUBA-based photo-quadrats and transects, non-structured visual surveys, Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS), Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) observations, plankton sampling, and systematic surveys of seabirds and marine mammals.
The dataset comprises 266 taxa and 1,515 occurrence records, including benthic invertebrates, macroalgae, fishes, plankton, seabirds, and marine mammals. Sampling effort and methodological coverage varied among sites due to environmental conditions, accessibility, and logistical constraints. Not all sampling methods were applied uniformly across all sites. As a result, the dataset reflects heterogeneous sampling effort, and comparisons among sites should account for differences in sampling methods, as declared in the dataset and metadata.
This dataset is part of the Costa Humboldt Biodiversity Baselines, a long-term initiative that generates open-access biodiversity data to support marine conservation, spatial planning, and ecological research in Patagonia.
Registros
Los datos en este recurso de evento de muestreo han sido publicados como Archivo Darwin Core(DwC-A), el cual es un formato estándar para compartir datos de biodiversidad como un conjunto de una o más tablas de datos. La tabla de datos del core contiene 207 registros.
también existen 2 tablas de datos de extensiones. Un registro en una extensión provee información adicional sobre un registro en el core. El número de registros en cada tabla de datos de la extensión se ilustra a continuación.
Este IPT archiva los datos y, por lo tanto, sirve como repositorio de datos. Los datos y los metadatos del recurso están disponibles para su descarga en la sección descargas. La tabla versiones enumera otras versiones del recurso que se han puesto a disposición del público y permite seguir los cambios realizados en el recurso a lo largo del tiempo.
Versiones
La siguiente tabla muestra sólo las versiones publicadas del recurso que son de acceso público.
¿Cómo referenciar?
Los usuarios deben citar este trabajo de la siguiente manera:
Naretto J, Schmider-Martínez A, Castillo-Gonzalez V, Cervantes J, Nuñez A, Mayorga P, Hiriart-Bertrand L (2026). Marine Biodiversity of the Chaiten–Islas Desertores Area - Costa Humboldt. Version 1.4. Costa Humboldt. Samplingevent dataset. https://gbif-chile.mma.gob.cl/ipt/resource?r=expediciones_ch&v=1.4
Derechos
Los usuarios deben respetar los siguientes derechos de uso:
El publicador y propietario de los derechos de este trabajo es Costa Humboldt. Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons de Atribución/Reconocimiento-NoComercial (CC-BY-NC 4.0).
Registro GBIF
Este recurso ha sido registrado en GBIF con el siguiente UUID: eb474e82-b0ff-4002-8ba8-f1ca08e08315. Costa Humboldt publica este recurso y está registrado en GBIF como un publicador de datos avalado por GBIF Chile.
Palabras clave
Samplingevent; Observation
Contactos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos ●
- Punto De Contacto
- Scientific chief officer
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-2294
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos ●
- Punto De Contacto
- Director
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos ●
- Punto De Contacto
- Chief Scientific Officer
Cobertura geográfica
The dataset covers the Inner Sea of Chiloe in Northern Chilean Patagonia, including areas associated with Reñihué Fjord, the Desertores Archipelago, Palvitad Fjord, and the Gulf of Corcovado.
| Coordenadas límite | Latitud Mínima Longitud Mínima [-43,265, -73,095], Latitud Máxima Longitud Máxima [-42,408, -72,573] |
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Cobertura taxonómica
The dataset includes multiple marine taxonomic groups, including benthic invertebrates, macroalgae, fish, plankton, seabirds, and marine mammals. Taxa were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level depending on sampling method and data quality, ranging from species to higher taxonomic ranks. Taxonomic names were standardized using authoritative databases such as WoRMS.
| Reino | Chromista, Animalia, Plantae |
|---|---|
| Filo | Arthropoda, Myzozoa, Heterokontophyta, Echinodermata, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes, Ciliophora, Bryozoa, Annelida, Brachiopoda, Chordata, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta, Porifera, Ochrophyta, Cnidaria |
| Class | Dinophyceae, Polychaeta, Hexacorallia, Phaeophyceae, Aves, Octocorallia, Rhynchonellata, Gastropoda, Demospongiae, Bangiophyceae, Gymnolaemata, Ulvophyceae, Echinoidea, Bacillariophyceae, Scyphozoa, Ophiuroidea, Malacostraca, Holothuroidea, Hydrozoa, Florideophyceae, Bivalvia, Spirotrichea, Mammalia, Anthozoa, Thecostraca, Calcarea, Polyplacophora, Cephalopoda, Asteroidea, Teleostei |
| Orden | Clionaida, Dictyotales, Amphipoda, Scombriformes, Chitonida, Thalassionematales, Striatellales, Lepidopleurida, Coscinodiscales, Valvatida, Cheilostomatida, Gigartinales, Spinulosida, Lepetellida, Chaetocerotanae incertae sedis, Thalassiosirales, Carnivora, Haplosclerida, Euphausiacea, Corethrales, Thoracosphaerales, Scopalinida, Nacellida, Caenogastropoda incertae sedis, Mytilida, Naviculales, Neogastropoda, Rhizosoleniales, Prorocentrales, Limida, Bacillariales, Blenniiformes, Phyllodocida, Forcipulatida, Cetartiodactyla, Laminariales, Malacalcyonacea, Achnanthales, Littorinimorpha, Actiniaria, Leptocylindrales, Corallinales, Ectocarpales, Peridiniales, Cladophorales, Arbacioida, Terebellida, Doridida, Leptothecata, Camarodonta, Chondrillida, Octopoda, Asterolamprales, Nudibranchia, Scleractinia, Suliformes, Decapoda, Gadiformes, Zoantharia, Dendrochirotida, Lithodesmiales, Pelecaniformes, Scleralcyonacea, Ophidiiformes, Bangiales, Ceramiales, Sphenisciformes, Melosirales, Ulvales, Terebratulida, Cetacea, Sabellida, Hapalidiales, Bonnemaisoniales, Plocamiales, Semaeostomeae, Trochida, Myopsida, Sepiolida, Nemaliales, Clathrinida, Syngnathiformes, Perciformes, Balanomorpha, Paraliales, Corallimorpharia, Tintinnida, Poecilosclerida, Axinellida, Charadriiformes, Fucales, Anguilliformes, Hemiaulales, Polycladida, Procellariiformes, Gobiesociformes, Pleuronectiformes |
Cobertura temporal
| Fecha Inicial / Fecha Final | 2025-04-13 / 2025-04-14 |
|---|
Datos del proyecto
The Costa Humboldt Patagonian Fjords biodiversity baselines initiative is a long-term scientific initiative aimed at documenting marine biodiversity across fjord systems, inner seas, and coastal ecosystems of Chilean Patagonia, spanning from the Inner Sea of Chiloé to Cape Horn. The program is designed as a sequence of discrete, multi-method expeditions conducted across geographically and oceanographically distinct areas, rather than as a continuous monitoring scheme. Each expedition applies standardized yet adaptable sampling protocols to characterize biodiversity across benthic and pelagic systems, integrating SCUBA surveys, photo-quadrats, BRUVS, ROV observations, plankton sampling, and marine megafauna surveys. The initiative seeks to generate high-resolution, multi-taxa biodiversity datasets to address critical data gaps in fjord ecosystems, which are globally recognized for their ecological complexity and productivity but remain underrepresented in open-access biodiversity databases. All datasets are standardized following Darwin Core and published through GBIF, enabling interoperability, reproducibility, and integration into global biodiversity assessments. The program also supports evidence-based marine conservation, spatial planning processes, contributing to international frameworks such as the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the UN Ocean Decade. By combining scientific research, open data publication, and collaboration with local and Indigenous communities, the biodiversity baselines initiative aims to establish a long-term biodiversity knowledge base for Patagonia and to inform adaptive marine governance in the region.
| Título | Costa Humboldt Biodiversity Baselines |
|---|---|
| Identificador | CH-ExpeditionsSereies |
| Fuentes de Financiación | This project is funded through a combination of private, philanthropic, and project-based funding sources, including national and international conservation initiative, research grants, and institutional partnerships. Costa Humboldt provides core coordination, scientific leadership, and data management support for the biodiversity baselines initiative. |
| Descripción del área de estudio | The study area includes multiple geographically separate fjord and coastal systems chosen to represent the environmental and biogeographic diversity of Chilean Patagonia. It covers fjord systems, inner seas, and coastal marine ecosystems from Northern to Southern Chilean Patagonia, spanning from the Inner Sea of Chiloé (~41°S) to the sub-Antarctic region of Cape Horn (~56°S). These regions are characterized by complex geomorphology, strong environmental gradients, and high freshwater input from precipitation, rivers, and glacial systems. Fjords exhibit pronounced vertical and horizontal stratification, generating diverse ecological niches and supporting high levels of biodiversity. The Inner Sea of Chiloé represents a highly productive transitional system influenced by the interaction between Sub-Antarctic oceanic waters and continental freshwater inputs, resulting in strong density gradients and elevated primary productivity. Toward the southern extreme, the fjords and channels of the sub-Antarctic region, including the Cape Horn area, are characterized by colder waters, stronger oceanic influence, reduced stratification in exposed areas, and a biota adapted to high-energy environments. Across Patagonia, these ecosystems support diverse assemblages of benthic invertebrates, macroalgae, fishes, marine mammals, and seabirds, while also sustaining important economic activities such as aquaculture and fisheries. Despite their ecological importance, these systems remain under-sampled and unevenly represented in global biodiversity databases. |
| Descripción del diseño | The design of the Costa Humboldt Patagonian Fjords biodiversity baselines initiative is based on a set of ecological, socio-environmental, and data-driven considerations used to inform the selection of study areas across Chilean Patagonia. Site selection integrates multiple complementary criteria associated with the characteristics of Patagonian fjord systems, including strong environmental gradients, complex geomorphology, and variable degrees of freshwater influence. These conditions generate highly heterogeneous habitats and distinct ecological transitions, particularly along gradients from fjord heads to outer coastal zones. In addition, the selection process considers the presence of marine spatial planning initiatives and biodiversity conservation processes. This allows biodiversity data to be generated in alignment with ongoing governance processes and to support community-based conservation efforts. The identification of known or potential biodiversity hotspots, based on previous studies, expert knowledge, and local ecological knowledge, is also considered in the selection of sites. Furthermore, the design takes into account existing data gaps in marine biodiversity information, which are particularly evident in fjord and coastal systems with higher exposure to open ocean conditions and that have historically been under-sampled due to logistical and environmental constraints. These considerations are not applied hierarchically but rather integrated flexibly based on the characteristics and opportunities of each expedition. Based on this framework, the biodiversity baselines initiative follows a modular and adaptive sampling design, structured around discrete field campaigns conducted across geographically and oceanographically distinct areas rather than continuous monitoring sites. Within each expedition, sampling stations are distributed to capture key environmental gradients (e.g., fjord head to mouth, inner to outer coastal zones). A multi-method approach is applied to maximize taxonomic coverage and ecological representativeness, combining: - SCUBA-based benthic surveys and photo-quadrats - Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS) - Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) observations - Plankton sampling (phyto- and zooplankton) - Marine mammal and seabird visual surveys Sampling protocols are standardized where possible but remain flexible to accommodate local environmental conditions, logistical constraints, and specific research objectives of each expedition. The design prioritizes: (1) maximizing species detection, (2) capturing spatial variability within each system, and (3) enabling comparative analyses across expeditions along a broad latitudinal and environmental gradient. All data are structured according to the Darwin Core Event model, enabling the integration of multiple sampling methods within a unified framework and facilitating interoperability with global biodiversity platforms such as GBIF. |
Personas asociadas al proyecto:
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
- Proveedor De Los Metadatos
Métodos de muestreo
Sampling followed a multi-method approach designed to maximize taxonomic coverage across benthic and pelagic systems. At each site, one or more sampling methods were applied depending on environmental conditions, accessibility, and logistical constraints. Methods included SCUBA-based surveys, photo-quadrats, non-structured visual observations, Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVS), Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) observations, plankton sampling, and visual surveys of seabirds and marine mammals. Sampling effort was not standardized across sites, and not all methods were applied at all locations. The design prioritizes comprehensive biodiversity detection across environmental gradients rather than uniform sampling effort. Data types recorded include presence/absence, counts of individuals, and percentage cover, depending on the sampling method and taxonomic group.
| Área de Estudio | Sampling was conducted in the Inner Sea of Chiloé, Northern Chilean Patagonia, between approximately 42°30′S and 43°16′S. The study area includes fjord and coastal systems spanning Reñihué Fjord, the Desertores Archipelago, Palvitad Fjord, Chaitén Bay, and Corcovado Bay. A total of 15 sampling sites were surveyed, distributed across three macrozones representing distinct geomorphological and oceanographic conditions: inner fjord systems, archipelagic environments, and outer coastal areas. These environments are characterized by strong environmental gradients associated with freshwater input, bathymetry, and exposure to oceanic conditions. |
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| Control de Calidad | Taxonomic identification was conducted to the lowest possible level based on in situ observations, photographic records, and video analysis. Species identifications were performed by trained researchers and validated through expert review when necessary. Taxonomic names were standardized using reference databases such as the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). Geographic coordinates were recorded in the field and reviewed for consistency. Data were digitized, structured following the Darwin Core standard, and subjected to quality control procedures including validation of taxonomic names, geographic coordinates, and data completeness. Records with uncertain identification or insufficient supporting information were assigned to higher taxonomic levels or excluded from the dataset. |
Descripción de la metodología paso a paso:
- Field sampling was conducted using multiple complementary methods. SCUBA-based surveys included photo-quadrats and transects used to document benthic communities and estimate percent cover. Non-structured visual surveys were also conducted by divers to record conspicuous species. BRUVS deployments were used to record mobile fauna, particularly fishes and other nektonic species. ROV surveys were conducted to document deeper or less accessible habitats. Plankton samples were collected to characterize phyto- and zooplankton communities. Visual surveys of seabirds and marine mammals were conducted from vessels during navigation between sites. All observations were recorded in field logs and subsequently digitized and standardized into a Darwin Core-compliant database.
Metadatos adicionales
| Agradecimientos | This expedition was supported by Costa Humboldt and conducted in collaboration with the Corporación Ambiental del Uso del Borde Costero Yene Purrun We, which provided key local coordination, logistical support, and is recognized as a key partner and the owner of the data associated with this dataset. Fieldwork was made possible through the contributions of participating researchers, technical staff, and operational teams, including vessel operations and diving support. We further acknowledge the work of photographers Nicolás Muñoz, Andrés Vallejo, and Fernando Olivares for their photographic and audiovisual records collected during the expedition. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the David and Lucile Packard Foundation for their contribution to the implementation of this work. Costa Humboldt acts as data custodian, responsible for data standardization, quality control, and publication through GBIF. |
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| Introducción | Patagonian fjord and channel ecosystems in southern Chile constitute one of the most extensive and least studied temperate fjord systems worldwide. These environments are characterized by complex geomorphology, pronounced environmental gradients, and high freshwater inputs, which generate heterogeneous habitats and support diverse marine communities. The Inner Sea of Chiloé represents a transitional system where Sub-Antarctic oceanic waters interact with continental freshwater discharges, resulting in marked vertical and horizontal stratification and high biological productivity. Despite their ecological and socio-economic importance, many of these fjords and coastal systems remain under-sampled, particularly in areas with greater exposure to open-ocean conditions. The Chaitén–Islas Desertores 2025 expedition constitutes an initial effort within a broader initiative to address these knowledge gaps by generating standardized, open-access biodiversity data across the fjord and coastal ecosystems of Chilean Patagonia. The expedition focused on documenting biodiversity across distinct geomorphological units and environmental gradients. Data collected during this expedition have contributed to the characterization of both benthic and pelagic communities and have supported analyses of spatial variation in community structure and the distribution of key species across fjord systems. A subset of these data is currently being used in ongoing scientific analyses, while the complete dataset is made publicly available to support broader research, conservation, and management applications. This dataset provides a critical baseline for future studies on biodiversity patterns, ecological gradients, and ecosystem functioning in fjord systems. It also supports conservation planning, long-term monitoring programs, and the evaluation of anthropogenic pressures in Patagonian marine ecosystems. |
| Primeros pasos | This dataset is structured following the Darwin Core Event model and is organized into three main components: an Event Core table, an Occurrence extension, and an Extended Measurement or Fact (eMoF) extension. These components are linked through unique identifiers to represent a hierarchical sampling design integrating multiple survey methods. The Event Core defines the sampling framework, including sampling stations, method-specific sampling events (e.g., SCUBA surveys, BRUVS deployments, ROV transects, plankton sampling, and vessel-based observations), and, where applicable, sub-events such as photo-quadrats or transect segments. Each event record includes spatial (geographic coordinates and footprint geometries), temporal (event date), and methodological information, providing the contextual basis for all associated biological records. The Occurrence extension contains species-level records linked to specific sampling events. These records include taxonomic identification, abundance or presence information, and associated metadata. Taxonomic information is standardized using authoritative reference databases to ensure consistency and interoperability. The eMoF extension includes environmental measurements associated with sampling events, such as sea water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, and water transparency. These measurements were collected at the station level (surface conditions) and are linked to the corresponding eventID, providing environmental context for biological observations. The dataset integrates multiple sampling methods within a unified structure, allowing the representation of heterogeneous sampling effort across sites. Not all methods were applied at all locations, and sampling intensity varies depending on environmental conditions and logistical constraints. As such, users should consider method-specific differences and sampling effort when analyzing and comparing data across sites. All data are provided in standard Darwin Core format (CSV files) and can be interpreted using common data analysis tools such as R, Python, or GIS software. No specialized software is required beyond standard tools capable of handling tabular biodiversity data and geospatial information. |
| Propósito | This dataset documents marine biodiversity across fjords and coastal ecosystems of the Inner Sea of Chiloé, contributing baseline information for under-sampled areas of Northern Chilean Patagonia. The dataset supports the characterization of biodiversity patterns across distinct geomorphological units, including inner fjord systems, archipelagic environments, and outer coastal areas, and provides a foundation for analyzing spatial variation in benthic and pelagic communities. In addition, the dataset contributes to ongoing marine spatial planning and conservation processes. By making these data openly available through GBIF, the dataset enables integration into regional and global biodiversity analyses and supports research, conservation, and decision-making in Patagonian marine ecosystems. |
| Identificadores alternativos | eb474e82-b0ff-4002-8ba8-f1ca08e08315 |
| https://gbif-chile.mma.gob.cl/ipt/resource?r=expediciones_ch |