Description
This study provides a complete description of the geographical distribution of Parochlus steinenii (Diptera: Chironomidae), the only flying insect occurring naturally in the Antarctic continent. The distribution encompasses the South Shetland Islands (Maritime Antarctic), South Georgia (sub-Antarctic) and parts of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (CHBR, southern Chile).
Data Records
The data in this occurrence resource has been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwC-A), which is a standardized format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data table contains 78 records.
This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for download in the downloads section. The versions table lists other versions of the resource that have been made publicly available and allows tracking changes made to the resource over time.
Versions
The table below shows only published versions of the resource that are publicly accessible.
How to cite
Researchers should cite this work as follows:
Gañan M, Contador T, Rendoll J, Simoes F, Pérez C, Graham G, Castillo S, Kennedy J, Convey P, (2020): Records of Parochlus steinenii in the Maritime Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. v1. Universidad de Magallanes. Dataset/Occurrence. https://gbif-chile.mma.gob.cl/ipt/resource?r=records_parochlus_steinenii&v=1.0
Rights
Researchers should respect the following rights statement:
The publisher and rights holder of this work is Universidad de Magallanes. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY 4.0) License.
GBIF Registration
This resource has been registered with GBIF, and assigned the following GBIF UUID: 30c49fbf-4e2e-482e-bb49-4d294bc332cb. Universidad de Magallanes publishes this resource, and is itself registered in GBIF as a data publisher endorsed by GBIF Chile.
Keywords
Ocurrences; Specimen; Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve; Parochlus steinenii; South Shetland Islands; South Georgia; winged Antarctic midge
Contacts
- Metadata Provider ●
- Author ●
- Originator ●
- Point Of Contact
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-9295
- Metadata Provider ●
- Principal Investigator
- Author
- Author
- Metadata Provider ●
- Author ●
- Originator
- ●
- Metadata Provider ●
- Originator
- Metadata Provider ●
- Author ●
- Originator
- Metadata Provider ●
- Author ●
- Originator
- Metadata Provider ●
- Principal Investigator
- Author
- Author
Geographic Coverage
The dataset comprises the South Shetland Islands, specifically King George, Nelson, Robert, Livingston and Deception Islands in the Maritime Antarctic, South Georgia in the sub-Antarctic, Horn and Navarino Islands in the CHBR (southern South America, Chile).
| Bounding Coordinates | South West [-64, -69], North East [-53, -35] |
|---|
Taxonomic Coverage
The present dataset reports occurrences of the specie Parochlus steinenii.
| Species | Parochus steinenii (winged Antarctic midge) |
|---|
Temporal Coverage
| Start Date / End Date | 2014-01-10 / 2019-02-26 |
|---|
Project Data
This proposal aims to understand biogeographical patterns and the processes responsible of the origin, adaptation and diversification of the Southern Ocean (SO) biota, particularly of two chironomid midges. We will study the role of historical climatic changes and life-history traits in the distribution of genetic lineages across a latitudinal gradient. We will amplify specific mtDNA and nucDNA markers, identify and characterize genomic and transcriptomic novelties associated to the adaptation of the biota in different areas and will conduct studies of ecophysiological performance and tolerance in the selected taxa including major environmental variables such as temperature. We aim to better understand about the processes involved in the origin, diversification and resilience of the SO biota in space and time.
| Title | "Dipterans in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions: are they ready for the changes?" and "Addressing global warming scenarios in freshwater ecosystems using aquatic insects as model organisms in the Magellanic sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions" |
|---|---|
| Funding | Chile’s National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT), the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH) and ANID PIA Apoyo CCTE (projects 11130451, RT_48_16, and AFB170008, respectively) |
| Study Area Description | This project will be conducted along a latitudinal and environmental gradient expanding from the southern tip of South America in the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion, through the Scotia Arc and maritime Antarctic islands. |
| Design Description | The study was conducted throughout the latitudinal and environmental gradient that includes the southern tip of South America in the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion (54-57°S), and the Scotia Arc distribution of P. steinenii in the sub-Antarctic (South Georgia, 53-54°S) and Maritime Antarctic (South Shetland Islands, 63-64°S) regions. The geographical range of the study involves both small-scale microhabitat environmental gradients and the larger spatial scale 10-degree latitudinal gradient. In the maritime Antarctic South Shetland Islands, we specifically surveyed ice-free areas on Deception, Livingston, Greenwich, Robert, Nelson, and King George Islands. In the north-west coast of Antarctic Peninsula, we surveyed the Trinity Peninsula and Litchfield Island. In the CHBR, we surveyed altitudinal gradients located along the north coast of Navarino Island, in Horn Island and the Diego Ramirez archipelago. Parochlus steinenii was found throughout the study area excepting the Diego Ramírez archipelago and the two locations along the north-west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Note that, more widely, the species has never been recorded in extensive terrestrial/freshwater studies from any location along the Antarctic Peninsula or from the South Orkney Islands (Chown & Convey, 2016). Fieldwork in the Antarctic was conducted during six austral summer seasons (2013/14 – 2018/19) during field expeditions organized by the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH) to the South Shetland Islands and the British Antarctic Survey to South Georgia. In the Magellanic sub-Antarctic region of southern Chile (in the CHBR), fieldwork was organized by the Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program of the Universidad de Magallanes. To characterize the distribution of P. steinenii in the South Shetland Islands, we conducted intensive surveys throughout accessible ice-free areas. All accessible sites were sampled for a period of 4-6 h, depending on climatic conditions and logistic support. We additionally sourced all available information from the existing literature (see Wirth & Gressitt, 1967; Brundin, 1970; Allegrucci et al., 2006; Hann & Reinhard, 2006; Toro et al., 2006; Rico & Quesada, 2013). We assessed the presence/absence of P. steinenii (as larvae, pupae or adults) by searching close to the shoreline of lakes and streams, and specifically under rocks and vegetation, and in sediments. |
The personnel involved in the project:
Sampling Methods
To determine the presence of Parochlus steinenii through the areas described, intensive field surveys were conducted through accessible ice-free areas. At each surveyed location, all accessible rivers, streams, lagoons and lakes were searched in detail over a period of 3-6 h, depending on the weather conditions and local logistics. Presence/absence was determined by examining the shoreline habitats to confirm the presence of larvae, pupae or adults under stones, rocks, sediment and/or submerged vegetation. Water body typology and macrohabitat were described following Hans & Reinhardt (2006). Each site visited was georeferenced using a Garmin 78SC GPS. Climatic variables (water temperature, air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity) were measured and, finally, samples collected of living individuals for research into phenology and physiology, and of individuals immediately preserved in alcohol (95%) for genetic studies. All samples were transported to the Wankara Laboratory at Magallanes University in Puerto Williams, Chile. Characteristics of the species according to the taxonomic key of Wirth & Gressitt (1967) were verified in the laboratory. The species was recorded in all locations surveyed except Diego Ramirez Island and the north-west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Survey data were combined with information from a careful bibliographic review (see Torres 1956; Wirth and Gressitt 1967; Brundin 1970; Edwars and Usher 1985; Rauschert 1985; Shimada et al. 1991; Richard et al. 1994; Convey and Block 1996; Allegrucci et al. 2006; Hahn and Reinhardt 2006; Toro et al. 2006; Agius et al. 2008; Rico and Quesada 2013).
| Study Extent | The area of study in Maritime Antarctica includes the South Shetland Islands and part of the north-west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, both of which are included in Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Region (ACBR) 3, North-west Antarctic Peninsula (for more information see Terauds et al., 2012; Terauds & Lee, 2016). In the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (Magallanes sub-Antarctic region, Rozzi et al., 2012), the study area includes the Navarino Island, the Cabo de Hornos National Park and the Diego Ramírez Marine Park. Records of the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia are also included. During surveys the presence of any life stage of the species was recorded, macrohabitat was described, climatic variables recorded and a reference collection of individuals made. |
|---|---|
| Quality Control | Each record of the species obtained in the field was georeferenced using a Garmin 78SC GPS. Most records obtained from literature included geographical coordinates. Where this was not the case, records were assigned a georeference by identification of the body of water described in the study. Geographic names used for records presented here are the official name used in the maps prepared by the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica (CGA) and by the Military Geographical Institute (IGM) of Chile. For sites lacking formal names, ‘unofficial’ names were assigned. |
Method step description:
- The study was conducted throughout the latitudinal and environmental gradient that includes the southern tip of South America in the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion (54-57°S), and the Scotia Arc distribution of P. steinenii in the sub-Antarctic (South Georgia, 53-54°S) and Maritime Antarctic (South Shetland Islands, 63-64°S) regions. The geographical range of the study involves both small-scale microhabitat environmental gradients and the larger spatial scale 10-degree latitudinal gradient. In the maritime Antarctic South Shetland Islands, we specifically surveyed ice-free areas on Deception, Livingston, Greenwich, Robert, Nelson, and King George Islands. In the north-west coast of Antarctic Peninsula we surveyed the Trinity Peninsula and Litchfield Island. In the CHBR, we surveyed altitudinal gradients located along the north coast of Navarino Island, in Horn Island and the Diego Ramirez archipelago. Parochlus steinenii was found throughout the study area excepting the Diego Ramírez archipelago and the two locations along the north-west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Note that, more widely, the species has never been recorded in extensive terrestrial/freshwater studies from any location along the Antarctic Peninsula or from the South Orkney Islands (Chown & Convey, 2016). Fieldwork in the Antarctic was conducted during six austral summer seasons (2013/14 – 2018/19) during field expeditions organized by the Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH) to the South Shetland Islands and the British Antarctic Survey to South Georgia. In the Magellanic sub-Antarctic region of southern Chile (in the CHBR), fieldwork was organized by the Sub-Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program of the Universidad de Magallanes. To characterize the distribution of P. steinenii in the South Shetland Islands, we conducted intensive surveys throughout accessible ice-free areas. All accessible sites were sampled for a period of 4-6 h, depending on climatic conditions and logistic support. We additionally sourced all available information from the existing literature (see Wirth & Gressitt, 1967; Brundin, 1970; Allegrucci et al., 2006; Hann & Reinhard, 2006; Toro et al., 2006; Rico & Quesada, 2013). We assessed the presence/absence of P. steinenii (as larvae, pupae or adults) by searching close to the shoreline of lakes and streams, and specifically under rocks and vegetation, and in sediments.
Collection Data
| Collection Name | Colección de Invertebrados Antárticos y Subantárticos del Laboratorio Dulceacuícola Wankara de la Universidad de Magallanes |
|---|---|
| Parent Collection Identifier | urn:UMAG:WANKARA:Inv:Dip:AQ:Pstei and urn:UMAG:WANKARA:Inv:Dip:CL:Pstei. |
| Specimen preservation methods | Alcohol |
|---|
| Curatorial Units | Between 15 and 20 per 5 ml glass vials |
|---|
Bibliographic Citations
- Agius J, Gibson J, Rico E, Quesada A (2009) Paleolimnological evidence confirms that Parochlus steinenii (Gerke) is not a recent introduction to the Antarctic Peninsula Region. Chironomus Newsletter of Chironomidae Research 22: 18–21. doi: 10.5324/cjcr.v0i22.604
- Allegrucci G, Carchini G, Todisco V, Convey P, Sbordoni V (2006) A molecular phylogeny of Antarctic Chironomidae and its implications for biogeographical history. Polar Biology 29:320–326. 10.1007/s00300-005-0056-7
- Brundin L (1970) Diptera: Chironomidae of South Georgia. Pacific Insects Monograph 23: 276–276.
- Chown SL, Convey P (2016) Antarctic entomology. Annual Review of Entomology 61: 119–137 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023537
- Contador T (2011) Benthic macroinvertebrates of temperate, sub-Antarctic streams: the effects of altitudinal zoning and temperature on the phenology of aquatic insects associated to the Róbalo river, Navarino Island (55°S), Chile. PhD Thesis. University of North Texas,Denton, 140 pp.
- Contador T, Kennedy JH, Rozzi R, Villarroel JO (2015) Sharp altitudinal gradients in Magellanic Sub-Antarctic streams: patterns along a fluvial system in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (55°S). Polar Biology 38: 1853–1866. DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1746-4
- Contador T, Gañan M, Bizama G, Fuentes-Jaque G, Morales L, Rendoll J, Simoes F, Kennedy J, Rozzi R, Convey P (2020) Assessing distribution shifts and ecophysiological characteristics of the only Antarctic winged midge under climate change scenarios. Scientific Reports 10: e9087 10.1038/s41598-020-65571-3
- Convey P, Block W (1996) Antarctic Diptera: ecology, physiology and distribution. European Journal of Entomology 93: 1–13.
- Edwards M, Usher MB (1985) The windged Antarctic midge Parochlus steinenii (Gerke) (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the South Shetland Islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 26: 83–93. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb01553.x
- Hahn, S. & Reinhardt, K. Habitat preference and reproductive traits in the Antarctic midge Parochlus steinenii (Diptera: Chironomidae). Antarct. Sci. 18, 175 (2006). DOI:10.1017/S0954102006000204
- Pisano E (1980) Catálogo de la flora vascular del archipiélago del Cabo de Hornos. Anales Del Instituto de La Patagonia (Chile) 11: 151–189.
- Pisano E, Schlatter R (1981) Vegetación y flora de las islas Diego Ramirez (Chile). I. Características y Relaciones de la flora vascular. Anales del Instituto de La Patagonia 12: 183–194. Rauschert M (1985) Beobachtungen an der Chironomide Parochlus steinenii auf der Insel King George (Südshetlandinseln, Antarktis) (Diptera, Chironomidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 32: 183–188. DOI:10.1002/mmnd.19850320125
- Regional ecosystem profile – Polar and Sub-polar Region (2017) EU Outermost Regions and Overseas Countries and Territories, Claire-Sophie Azam, Cédric Marteau, Vincent Piton, Cynthia Borot, Paul Tixier. Terres australes et antarctiques françaises (TAAF). BEST, Service contract 07.0307.2013/666363/SER/B2, European Commission, 225 pp. [+ 31 Annexes, 24–27].
- Richard KJ, Convey P, Block W (1994) The terrestrial arthropod fauna of the Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands. Polar Biology 14: 371–379. DOI: 10.1007/BF00240257
- Rico E, Quesada A (2013) Distribution and ecology of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) on Byers Peninsula, Maritime Antarctica. Antarctic Science 25: 288–291 DOI: 10.1017/S095410201200096X
- Rozzi R, Armesto JJ, Gutiérrez J, Massardo F, Likens G, Anderson CB, Poole A, Moses K, Hargrove G, Mansilla A, Kennedy JH, Willson M, Jax K, Jones C, Callicott JB, Kalin MT (2012) Integrating ecology and environmental ethics: Earth stewardship in the southern end of the Americas. BioScience 62: 226–236. DOI: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.3.4
- Shimada K, Ohyama Y, Pan CX (1991) Cold-hardiness of the Antarctic winged midge Parochlus steineni during the active season at King George Island. Polar Biology 11: 311–314. DOI:10.1007/BF00239023
- Simões F (2019) Ecophysiology, morphology and phylogeography of insects in the Scotia Arc. PhD Thesis. University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 191 pp.
- Terauds A, Chown S, Morgan F, Peat J, Watts D, Keys H, Convey P, Bergstrom D (2012) Conservation biogeography of the Antarctic. Diversity and Distributions 18: 726–741. 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00925.x
- Terauds A, Lee JR (2016) Antarctic biogeography revisited: updating the Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions. Diversity and Distributions 22: 836–840. DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12453
- Torres BA (1956) Primer hallazgo de Tendipedidos alados en la región Antártica. Podonominae, una nueva subfamilia para la citada región. Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 161: 41–52.
- Wirth WW, Gressitt JL (1967) Diptera: Chironomidae (Midges). In: Gressitt JL (Ed.) Entomology of Antarctica, vol. 10, Antarctic Research Series. American Geophysical Union, Washington, 197–203. DOI: 10.1029/AR010p0197
- Hårsaker K, Aspaas AM, Dolmen D, Ekrem T, Munkeby TB, Stur E, Frode Ø, Aagaard K, Finstad AG (2020) Terrestrial and limnic invertebrates systematic collection, NTNU University Museum. Version 1.290. NTNU University Museum. Occurrence dataset. DOI: 10.15468/fsreqb
- The International Barcode of Life Consortium (2016) International Barcode of Life project (iBOL). Occurrence dataset. DOI: 10.15468/inygc6
Additional Metadata
Two publications have been generated from these data: 1. Gañán Mora, M., T.A. Contador & J.H. Kennedy. 2015. La vida en los extremos: el uso de SIG para estudiar la distribución de la mosca antártica alada, Parochlus steinenii (Diptera: Chironomidae), en las Islas Shetland del Sur (Antártica marítima).Pp.1599-1608, in de la Riva, J., P. Ibarra, R. Montorio & M. Rodrigues (eds.). Análisis espacial y representación geográfica: innovación y aplicación. Universidad de Zaragoza-AGE. ISBN: 978-84-92522-95-8. 2. Contador T, Gañan M, Bizama G, Fuentes-Jaque G, Morales L, Rendoll J, Simoes F, Kennedy J, Rozzi R, Convey P (2020) Assessing distribution shifts and ecophysiological characteristics of the only Antarctic winged midge under climate change scenarios. Scientific Reports 10: e9087. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65571-3
| Purpose | This database was developed as one of the main objectives of two Chilean-funded research projects addressing understanding the effects of climate change on sub-Antarctic and Antarctic insects. It provides a robust and up-to-date dataset documenting the distribution of Parochlus steinenii in the Maritime Antarctic, the sub-Antarctic and the CHBR in southern South America (Chile). |
|---|---|
| Maintenance Description | This database will be updated as new data is obtained |
| Alternative Identifiers | 30c49fbf-4e2e-482e-bb49-4d294bc332cb |
| https://gbif-chile.mma.gob.cl/ipt/resource?r=records_parochlus_steinenii |